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Asphalt - Wikipedia
1. A free electron emitted from the cathode collides with one of the two valence electrons of a mercury atom and excites it by imparting to it part of the kinetic energy of the moving electron, thus raising the valence electron from its normal energy level to a higher one. Figure Scott Pilgrim vs. the World is a romantic action comedy film co-written, produced, and directed by Edgar Wright, based on the graphic novel series Scott Pilgrim by Bryan Lee O'blogger.com stars Michael Cera as Scott Pilgrim, a slacker musician who must win a competition to get a record deal, and battle the seven evil exes of his newest girlfriend Ramona Flowers, played by Mary Elizabeth Manga (漫画) are comics created in Japan, or by Japanese creators in the Japanese language, conforming to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th century. They have a long and complex pre-history in earlier Japanese art. In Japan, people of all ages read manga. The medium includes works
How to render scott robertson pdf free download
It may be found in natural deposits or may be a refined product, and is classed as a pitch. Before the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used. The largest natural deposit of asphalt in the world, estimated to contain 10 million tons, is the Pitch Lake located in La Brea in southwest Trinidad Antilles island located on the northeastern coast of Venezuelahow to render scott robertson pdf free download, within the Siparia Regional Corporation.
Its other main uses are for bituminous waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt and for sealing flat roofs. In material sciences and engineering, the terms "asphalt" and "bitumen" are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance, although there is regional variation as to which term is most common.
Worldwide, geologists tend to favor the term "bitumen" for the naturally occurring material. For the manufactured material, which is a refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils, "bitumen" is the prevalent term in much of the world; however, in American English"asphalt" is more commonly used. To help avoid confusion, the phrases "liquid asphalt", "asphalt binder", or "asphalt cement" are used in the U.
Colloquially, various forms of asphalt are sometimes referred to as "tar", as in the name of the La Brea Tar Pitsalthough tar is a different material. Naturally occurring asphalt is sometimes specified by the term "crude bitumen".
Its viscosity is similar to that of cold molasses [6] [7] while the material obtained how to render scott robertson pdf free download the fractional distillation of crude oil boiling at °C °F is sometimes referred to as "refined bitumen". The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves of natural asphalt in the Athabasca oil sandswhich coversquare kilometres 55, sq mian area larger than England.
Asphalt properties change with temperature, which means that there is a specific range where viscosity permits adequate compaction by providing lubrication between particles during the compaction process. Low temperature prevents aggregate particles from moving, and the required density is not possible to achieve. the alpha privativeand σφάλλειν sphallein"to cause to fall, baffle, in passive err, in passive be balked of". Specifically, Herodotus mentioned that bitumen was brought to Babylon to build its gigantic fortification wall.
In French, the how to render scott robertson pdf free download asphalte is used for naturally occurring asphalt-soaked limestone deposits, and for specialised manufactured products with fewer voids or greater bitumen content than the "asphaltic concrete" used to pave roads, how to render scott robertson pdf free download. The expression "bitumen" originated in the Sanskrit words jatumeaning "pitch", and jatu-kritmeaning "pitch creating" or "pitch producing" referring to coniferous or resinous trees.
From the same root is derived the Anglo-Saxon word cwidu mastixthe German word Kitt cement or mastic and the old Norse word kvada. In British English"bitumen" is used instead of "asphalt". The word "asphalt" is instead used to refer to asphalt concretea mixture of construction aggregate and asphalt itself also called "tarmac" in common parlance.
Bitumen mixed with clay was usually called "asphaltum", but the term is less commonly used today. In Australian Englishthe word "asphalt" is used to describe a mix of construction aggregate. In American English"asphalt" is equivalent to the British "bitumen".
However, "asphalt" is also commonly used as a shortened form of " asphalt concrete " therefore equivalent to the British "asphalt" or "tarmac". In Canadian Englishthe word "bitumen" is used to refer to the vast Canadian deposits of extremely heavy crude oil[15] while "asphalt" is used for the oil refinery product. Diluted bitumen diluted with naphtha to make it flow in pipelines is known as " dilbit " in the Canadian petroleum industry, while bitumen " upgraded " to synthetic crude oil is known as "syncrude", and syncrude blended with bitumen is called "synbit".
The oil sands of Alberta, Canada are a similar material. Neither of the terms "asphalt" or "bitumen" should be confused with tar or coal tars. Tar is the thick liquid product of the dry distillation and pyrolysis of organic hydrocarbons primarily sourced from vegetation masses, whether fossilized as with coal, or freshly harvested.
The majority of bitumen, on the other hand, how to render scott robertson pdf free download, was formed naturally when vast quantities of organic animal materials were deposited by water and buried hundreds of metres deep at the diagenetic point, where the disorganized fatty hydrocarbon molecules joined together in long chains in the absence of oxygen.
Bitumen occurs as a solid or highly viscous liquid. It may even be mixed in with coal deposits. Bitumen, and coal using the Bergius processcan be refined into petrols such as gasoline, and bitumen may be distilled into tar, not the other way around.
The naphthene aromatics and polar aromatics are typically the majority components. The substance is soluble in carbon disulfide. It is commonly modelled as a colloidwith asphaltenes as the dispersed phase and maltenes as the continuous phase. Asphalt may be confused with coal tarwhich is a visually similar black, thermoplastic material produced by the destructive distillation of coal.
During the early and midth century, when town gas was produced, coal tar was a readily available byproduct and extensively used as the binder for road aggregates. The addition of coal tar to macadam roads led to the word " tarmac ", which is now used in common parlance to refer to road-making materials.
However, since the s, when natural gas succeeded town gas, asphalt has completely overtaken the use of coal tar in these applications. Other examples of this confusion include the La Brea Tar Pits and the Canadian oil sandsboth of which actually contain natural bitumen rather than tar. For economic and other reasons, asphalt is sometimes sold combined with other materials, often without being labeled as anything other than simply "asphalt".
Of particular note is the use of re-refined engine oil bottoms — "REOB" or "REOBs" — the residue of recycled automotive engine oil collected from the bottoms of re-refining vacuum distillation towers, in the manufacture of asphalt. REOB contains various elements and compounds found in recycled engine oil: additives to the original oil and materials accumulating from its circulation in the engine typically iron and copper.
Some research has indicated a correlation between this adulteration of asphalt and poorer-performing pavement. The majority of asphalt used commercially is obtained from petroleum. Naturally occurring deposits of bitumen are formed from the remains of ancient, microscopic algae diatoms and other once-living things.
These remains were deposited in the mud on the bottom of the ocean or lake where the organisms lived. Under the heat above 50 °C and pressure of burial deep in the earth, the remains were transformed into materials such as bitumen, kerogenhow to render scott robertson pdf free download, or petroleum, how to render scott robertson pdf free download.
Natural deposits of bitumen include lakes such as the Pitch Lake in Trinidad and Tobago and Lake Bermudez in Venezuela. Natural seeps occur in the La Brea Tar Pits and in the Dead Sea. Bitumen also occurs in unconsolidated sandstones known as "oil sands" in AlbertaCanada, and the similar "tar sands" in UtahUS.
The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves, in three huge deposits coveringsquare kilometres 55, sq mian area larger than England or New York state. These bituminous sands contain billion barrels Although historically it was used without refining to pave roads, nearly all of the output is now used as raw material for oil refineries in Canada and the United States. The world's largest deposit of natural bitumen, known as the Athabasca oil sandsis located in the McMurray Formation of Northern Alberta.
Of the Alberta deposits, only parts of the Athabasca oil sands are shallow enough to how to render scott robertson pdf free download suitable for surface mining. Much smaller heavy oil or bitumen deposits also occur in the Uinta Basin in Utah, US. Bitumen may occur in hydrothermal veins. An example of this is within the Uinta How to render scott robertson pdf free download of Utahin the US, where there is a swarm of laterally and vertically extensive veins composed of a solid hydrocarbon termed Gilsonite.
These veins formed by the polymerization and solidification of hydrocarbons that were mobilized from the deeper oil shales of the Green River Formation during burial and diagenesis. Bitumen is similar to the organic matter in carbonaceous meteorites. They were covered by mud, buried deeply over time, and gently cooked into oil by geothermal heat at a temperature of 50 to °C to °F.
Due to pressure from the rising of the Rocky Mountains in southwestern Alberta, 80 to 55 million years ago, the oil was driven northeast hundreds of kilometres and trapped into underground sand deposits left behind by ancient river beds and ocean beaches, thus forming the oil sands.
The use of natural bitumen for waterproofingand as an adhesive dates at least to the fifth millennium BC, with a crop storage basket discovered in Mehrgarhof the Indus Valley Civilizationlined with it.
In the ancient Middle East, the Sumerians used natural bitumen deposits for mortar between bricks and stones, to cement parts of carvings, such as eyes, into place, for ship caulkingand for waterproofing.
The 1 kilometre 0. How to render scott robertson pdf free download was used by ancient Egyptians to embalm mummies, how to render scott robertson pdf free download. The Egyptians' primary source of bitumen was the Dead Seawhich the Romans knew as Palus Asphaltites Asphalt Lake.
In approximately 40 AD, Dioscorides described the Dead Sea material as Judaicum bitumenand noted other places in the region where it could be found. Bitumen was a valuable strategic resource. It was the object of the first known battle for a hydrocarbon deposit — between the Seleucids and the Nabateans in BC.
In the ancient Far East, natural bitumen was slowly boiled to get rid of the higher fractionsleaving a thermoplastic material of how to render scott robertson pdf free download molecular weight that when layered on objects became quite hard upon cooling.
This was used to cover objects that needed waterproofing, [2] such as scabbards and other items. Statuettes of household deities were also cast with this type of material in Japanand probably also in China.
In North Americaarchaeological recovery has indicated that bitumen was sometimes used to adhere stone projectile points to wooden shafts. InPierre Belon described in his work Observations that pissasphaltoa mixture of pitch and bitumen, was used in the Republic of Ragusa now DubrovnikCroatia for tarring of ships. An edition of Mechanics Magazine cites an early use of asphalt in France. A pamphlet datedby "a certain Monsieur d'Eyrinys, states that he had discovered the existence of asphaltum in large quantities in the vicinity of Neufchatel", and that he proposed to use it in a variety of ways — "principally in the construction of air-proof granaries, and in protecting, by means of the arches, the water-courses in the city of Paris from the intrusion of dirt and filth", which at that time made the water unusable.
But the substance was generally neglected in France until the revolution of In the s there was a surge of interest, and asphalt became widely used "for pavements, flat roofs, and the lining of cisterns, and in England, some use of it had been made of it for similar purposes".
Its rise in Europe was "a sudden phenomenon", after natural deposits were found "in France at Osbann Bas-Rhinthe Parc Ain and the Puy-de-la-Poix Puy-de-Dôme ", although it could also be made artificially. Among the earlier uses of bitumen in the United Kingdom was for etching.
William Salmon's Polygraphice provides a recipe for varnish used in etching, consisting of three ounces of virgin wax, two ounces of masticand one ounce of asphaltum. The first British patent for the use of asphalt was "Cassell's patent asphalte or bitumen" in Lamb Phipson writes that his father, Samuel Ryland Phipson, a friend of Claridge, was also "instrumental in introducing the asphalte pavement in ".
Claridge obtained a patent in Scotland on 27 Marchand obtained a patent in Ireland on 23 April Inextensions for the patent and for both patents were sought by the trustees of a company previously formed by Claridge. James Park". Inthere was a flurry of entrepreneurial activity involving asphalt, which had uses beyond paving.
For example, asphalt could also be used for flooring, damp proofing in buildings, and for waterproofing of various types of pools and baths, both of which were also proliferating in the 19th century. And numerous patents were granted in France, with similar numbers of patent applications being denied in England due to their similarity to each other. In England, "Claridge's was the type most used in the s and 50s".
InClaridge's Company entered into a joint venture to produce tar-bound macadam[55] with materials manufactured through a subsidiary company called Clarmac Roads Ltd.
Bitumen was thought in how to render scott robertson pdf free download century Britain to contain chemicals with medicinal properties. Extracts from bitumen were used to treat catarrh and some forms of asthma and as a remedy against worms, especially the tapeworm.
The first use of bitumen in the New World was by indigenous peoples. On the west coast, as early as the 13th century, the TongvaLuiseño and Chumash peoples collected the naturally occurring bitumen that seeped to the surface above underlying petroleum deposits.
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